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Tag Archives: Greek

Second Century A.D., Pleading letter from a son to his mother

17 Thursday Oct 2019

Posted by memoirandremains in Greek, Greek Translation, New Testament Background, Uncategorized

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Greek, Greek Translation

The letter is found in Loeb vol. 266, Select Papyri and is number 120, “From a Penitent Son.” The translation and notes below are my own.

Antonius Longus

To his mother

tê mêtri: The article functions as a possessive pronoun: literally, the mother

many/much greeting(s).

I’m really happy to write to you!

I am always praying that you will be healthy.

Kai dia pantos euchomai. The thought is parallel to Paul’s greeting: 1 Thessalonians 1:2 (ESV), “We give thanks to God always for all of you, constantly mentioning you in our prayers.” The word for prayer in the letter emphasizes a pray for something. It has the connotation of wish: I want this for you.

I perform worship to Lord Serapis every single day.

Kat’ aikastên êmairan. I’m not quite sure what the word in modifying daily means, because it does not appear in the BDAG or the LSJ. From the context, I think it must be emphatic. Serapis was associated with healing.

I wish you to know that I did not hope to come to the metropolis

Hope: elipzô. A future anticipation. Again, some guess work here on how to translate this concept: it could be “expect”, as the Loeb has it.  But this young man sounds more pathetic and pleading than that. He could not even hope to be near his mother.

This is the reason that I did not come to the city.

Charein: reason, on this cause.

I felt shame to come to Karanis, because I walked around in an evil state.

He uses a verb which is not listed in the BDAG or the LSJ. It is built off of the word which mean “modesty” (he says he is naked, which would immodest); but the emphasis is worse here. His “evil state” could be “rotten” or disgusting. “I didn’t want to see you, because I’m disgusting.”

I wrote to you that I am naked.

The “I wrote” is spelled with an “ai” rather than an “ê”. The letter contains a number of such unusual spellings.

        I beg you mother, consider how I am.

Loeb has “be reconciled with me.” What verb he means here is unclear. There are two possible words based upon the spelling. One word me divide by lot, therefore (share) an inheritance. There is also the verb to consider.

It’s my fault. I have learned the right lesson from all this.

Literally, For the rest, I know that for myself I have caused [this]. I have learned that which is fit.

I know that I have done wrong.

Loeb has “I have sinned.” It is the verb translated in the NT as “sin”. But I am not certain that the theological connotation of the word is fitting here. The word means to err, miss the mark.

I heard about you from [name is missing]; that you were found in Arsinoite.  He [?] told me all about you.

He spoke of you accurately.

Don’t you know that I would rather be crippled than that I should someone else even a dollar?

The money is an “obol”. Crippled could be maimed, disfigured. This last bit rings true to life. Having spoke of himself pitifully throughout he ends with a final justification. I am guessing that acted foolishly, lost everything and is priding himself on not being debt — now.

Euripides, Hecuba.1

02 Thursday Mar 2017

Posted by memoirandremains in Greek, Greek Translation, Uncategorized

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Euripides, Greek, Greek Translation, Hecuba, poem, Poetry

Here is the first lines of Polydorus’ introduction to the play Hecuba.

Polydorus

I have come, leaving the depths of the dead,

From the Dark Gates, where Hades dwells apart

From other gods. I am Polydorus

The son of Hecuba, of Cisseus;

Priam my father. After Priam feared

That danger from the Hellenes spear would fall

Upon the Phrygian City of Troy,

He secretly sent me from our land

To the home of his Thracian guest-friend

Polymenstor, who farms Chersone’s fair plain

And rules a horse-loving people by spear.

 

Πολυδώρου εἴδωλον

Ἥκω νεκρῶν κευθμῶνα καὶ σκότου πύλας

λιπών, ἵνʼ Ἅιδης χωρὶς ᾤκισται θεῶν,

Πολύδωρος, Ἑκάβης παῖς γεγὼς τῆς Κισσέως

Πριάμου τε πατρός, ὅς μʼ, ἐπεὶ Φρυγῶν πόλιν

[5] κίνδυνος ἔσχε δορὶ πεσεῖν Ἑλληνικῷ,

δείσας ὑπεξέπεμψε Τρωικῆς χθονὸς

Πολυμήστορος πρὸς δῶμα Θρῃκίου ξένου,

ὃς τήν<δʼ> ἀρίστην Χερσονησίαν πλάκα

σπείρει, φίλιππον λαὸν εὐθύνων δορί.

 

Euripides, Euripidis Fabulae, Ed. Gilbert Murray, Vol. 1, ed. Gilbert Murray (Medford, MA: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1902).

 

 

Marcus Aurelius, The Emperor to Himself (Meditations), Book 1 Complete

19 Monday Dec 2016

Posted by memoirandremains in Greek, Greek Translation, Marcus Aurelius, Philosophy, Uncategorized

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Greek, Greek Translation, Marcus Aurelius, Philosophy, Stoicism

A translation of book 1 of The Emperor to Himself , a principle source text for the philosophy of Stoicism may be found here: meditations-book-1

Rather than a discussion of how to live, Marcus begins with a discussion of what he has received from others (friends, family and the gods).

Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 17.7

14 Wednesday Dec 2016

Posted by memoirandremains in Marcus Aurelius, Philosophy, Uncategorized

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Family, Greek, Greek Translation, Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, Philosophy

These are some additional benefits which Marcus Aurelius counted as having received from the gods: the strength of his body; two instances of controlling his behavior; spending time with his mother.

That my body prevailed against such a life as this.

That I did not touch Benedicta or Theodotus: but when erotic passion happened, I returned to health.

While Rusticus repeatedly irritated me, I did nothing for which I would later repent.

It came about that the one who gave me birth, died young; nevertheless she lived with me during her final years.

Greek Text and Notes:

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Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 17.5-6, A Life According to Nature

14 Wednesday Dec 2016

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Greek, Greek Translation, Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, Philosophy

I came quickly to appoint honors for those who cared for me, which they certainly desired me to do. I didn’t ignore their hope for such help from me, because they were also young.

I had a clear understanding of life according to Nature and of what it entails:  in as much as depends upon the gods and the communications from them, their assistance and inspiration; and there was nothing to hinder me from a life which accords with Nature; so that failure was my own fault — and also from not paying careful attention to the reminders (almost the instructions) of the gods .

Greek Text and Notes:

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Marcus Aurelius, Book I, 17.4, Family Matters

13 Tuesday Dec 2016

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Greek, Greek Text, Greek Translation, Marcus Aurelius, Meditations

The previous section of this translation may be found here

I happened to have such a brother who always able to help me have proper concern for myself; and also to cheer me with respect and love.

That my children were not born stupid or deformed.

That I didn’t make more progress in rhetoric or poetry — other like concerns — because if I did I would have been consumed by them if I thought I was doing well.

Greek Text and Notes:

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The Sayings of Pittacus (600 B.C.)

08 Thursday Dec 2016

Posted by memoirandremains in Philosophy, Uncategorized

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Greek, Greek Translation, Philosophy, Pittacus, Pre-Socratic

pittacos_louvre_ma_3572

Pittacus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived about 600 B.C. Diogenes Laertius gives this introduction to his life:

Pittacus was the son of Hyrrhadius and a native of Mitylene. Duris calls his father a Thracian. Aided by the brothers of Alcaeus he overthrew Melanchrus, tyrant of Lesbos; and in the war between Mitylene and Athens for the territory of Achileis he himself had the chief command on the one side, and Phrynon, who had won an Olympic victory in the pancratium, commanded the Athenians. Pittacus agreed to meet him in single combat; with a net which he concealed beneath his shield he entangled Phrynon, killed him, and recovered the territory. Subsequently, as Apollodorus states in his Chronology, Athens and Mitylene referred their claims to arbitration. Periander heard the appeal and gave judgement in favour of Athens.

Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, ed. R. D. Hicks (Kansas City Missouri: Harvard University Press, November 1, 2005), 75–77. Below is a translation of Pittacus’ sayings.

Now, the laws which he instituted:
If someone committed a crime while drunk, the punishment would be double. This was to discourage their drunkenness, because there was a great deal of wine on the island.

He once said, “It is difficult to be noble.” Simonides remembers the saying like this: “Pittacus said, ‘To be a truly good is difficult.'”

Plato quotes him in Protagoras, “The gods don’t battle Necessity.”

“Rule proves a man.”

When asked, “What is best?” He said, “Do whatever is before you well.”

And when asked by Croesus, “What rule is best”, he said, “the intricate cudgel” — by which he meant, “the law.”

He said, “Win victories without blood.”

When the Phocaean said it was necessary to find a diligent man; he said, “If you look too hard, you won’t find him.”

To those who asked him, “For what are you thankful?” He said, “Time.”
“What is unknown?” “Whatever is coming.”
“Unfaithful?” “The sea.”

He said, that thoughtful men should think ahead — before trouble comes — how to avoid it. And that brave men — when trouble does arise — should deal with it.

Don’t say what you’re planning to do: if it doesn’t happen, you’ll be laughed at.

Don’t mock misfortune: revere Nemesis.

Return that entrusted.

Practice piety.

Love prudence.

Hold truth, trust, ability, cleverness, friendliness, carefulness.

His is the apophthegm, “Know the time”.

Greek Text and Translation Notes:

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I have found the harbor

04 Thursday Aug 2016

Posted by memoirandremains in Greek Translation, Uncategorized

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Greek, Greek Translation, Harbor

24971179943_469bbb24e6_o.jpg

Hope — and you, Chance —
A great goodbye:
I found the harbor.
Now, there is nothing more between us.
You will have to dance with those
who come after me.

Loeb, Greek Anthology, Book IX, number 49 by Anonymous
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With song you always sailed

17 Friday Jun 2016

Posted by memoirandremains in Greek, Greek Translation, Uncategorized

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Greek, Greek Grammar, Greek Translation, Song

pelike

Oh the care you held my dear
For music.
With song
You always sailed
-And with love!-
Through life.

Ὦ τὸ φίλον στέρξας, φίλε, βάρβιτον, ὦ σὺν ἀοιδᾷ

πάντα διαπλώσας καὶ σὺν ἔρωτι βίον.

( You will find the Greek text in the Loeb Greek Anthology, book 7, no. 23; translation is mine.)
This poem is difficult to translate because it uses three separate words for “love”. A brutally literal translation would read:

O the love [accusative noun, philos; direct object of the principle verb, love (stergein)] you loved [stergein], love, a/the barbiton (a stringed instrument)
O together with song
Always sailing through
And together with love [eros, noun, dative]
Life.

Philos is probably the more all-purpose word. It is the word which is closest to the English word “love” in meaning a great deal, depending upon context.
Stergein: to love, refers to one’s natural connections, such as the relationships within a family. It marks one as being in society. It is what matters to a person.

Eros: would be best used for romantic and/or erotic love (although it is not solely used for passions).

Philos thus refers to the object addressed, someone dear to the speaker.
Stergein refers to the relational attachment and desire one has to music generally.
Eros refers to one’s romance: song & romance.

Life is emphatically placed at the end of the poem.

Rather than translate “barbiton” as some other musical instrument (like a lute or guitar — although guitar would probably the closest in terms of connotation), I chose “music” generally.
Ὦ τὸ φίλον: the one love/dear one (accusative, object of sterpzas)
στέρξας: aorist: stergo (love of family)
φίλε: Dear, beloved one, vocative
βάρβιτον: stringed instrument, barbiton
ὦ σὺν ἀοιδᾷ: O together with song
πάντα διαπλώσας: always you sailed through
καὶ σὺν ἔρωτι and together with love (eros)
βίον: Life, what was sailed through

Purple cluster crowned

17 Friday Jun 2016

Posted by memoirandremains in Greek, Greek Translation, Uncategorized

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Greek, Greek Poetry, Greek Translation, poem, Poetry, Sophocles

Sophocles

Fire quenched, old Sophocles,
Flower of poets
Purple cluster crowned of Bacchus

Ἐσβέσθης, γηραιὲ Σοφόκλεες, ἄνθος ἀοιδῶν,
οἰνωπὸν Βάκχου βότρυν ἐρεπτόμενος.

( You will find the Greek text in the Loeb Greek Anthology, book 7, no. 20; translation is mine.)

Ἐσβέσθης: You are, it has happened to: as a fire quenched. The LSJ has “metaph. of men, become extinct, die”. (sbennumi). You are put out (as of a flame)

γηραιὲ Σοφόκλεες: Old man Sophocles (vocative, direct address)

ἄνθος: a blossom, a flower

ἀοιδῶν: of poets, singers: here of all poets, the superlative poet.

οἰνωπὸν: ruddy faced, dark complexion, with more than a whiff of drunkenness; with grapes, purple

Βάκχου: of Bacchus: here the one who acts; subjective genitive: Bacchus crowns

βότρυν: cluster of berries or grapes

erepto: a crown (not ereptomai, to feed on)

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